Science & Technology

James Webb Telescope

Related to NASA, Black Holes, and Big Bang

Updated October 22, 2024

What We Learned

Background

Heralded as a time machine able to reveal the secrets of the cosmos, the $10B James Webb Space Telescope is humanity's strongest tool yet to capture light from the earliest observable moments of the universe (see visual 101).

Launched by NASA in 2021, images from the 14,000-pound Webb have transformed theories of star formation, black holes, and more—while revealing jaw-dropping shots of the cosmos and inspiring a new generation of space fans. 

Discoveries

The telescope's discoveries have come at a rapid clip since it began science operations in the summer of 2022. Its sophisticated array of infrared tools has revealed: 

  • well-established and luminous galaxies as early as 500 million years after the Big Bang, much earlier than previously believed.

  • vivid shots of 50 young stars in early development in the nearby, previously opaque Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex.

  • nearly 50 pairs of Jupiter-sized planets orbiting each other within the Orion Nebula, a totally new category of celestial object called a JuMBO.

  • ancient starlight from a quasar, one of the oldest galaxies hosting a supermassive black hole the size of 1.4 billion suns. 

Peering Into the Past 

It's easy for stargazers to forget that the starlight we see with our naked eyes is, in fact, incredibly old, showing us the literal past. 

Even though light travels at great speed—186,000 miles per second—the vast distances it spans means it shows up to an observer long after it was first emitted from an object (watch visualization). The light from our sun, for example, takes eight minutes to travel to Earth.

The Webb telescope has been optimized to collect the most distant light detectable, enabling it to see close to 13.5 billion years into the past—roughly 3 billion more than the Hubble telescope, its predecessor.

Telescope Tech

Space-based telescopes have the advantage of bypassing Earth's dense, light-filtering atmosphere. The Webb is in solar orbit roughly 1 million miles from the Earth at a point known as Lagrange 2, a stable position where the relative gravitational pulls of the Earth and the sun cancel each other out.

At 21 feet across, the Webb's famously honeycomb-shaped observing surface is six times larger than the Hubble's, constructed of 18 hexagonal gold-plated beryllium mirrors. 

While the Hubble collected data on the visible and ultraviolet light segments of the electromagnetic spectrum, Webb is equipped with several tools sensitive to mid- to low-infrared wavelengths, enabling it to see through visible light-blocking cosmic dust.

For the Webb to retain sensitivity to lower infrared wavelengths, it has to remain at extremely low temperatures (close to -400 degrees Fahrenheit). To that end, a tennis court-sized sunshield keeps the Webb's instruments in permanent shadow. 

Goals

The Webb surpassed expectations well before its initial five-year mission concluded; it's expected to remain functional for up to 20 years. Learn more about the Webb's mission and the man behind the telescope's name here

Dive Deeper

Relevant articles, podcasts, videos, and more from around the internet — curated and summarized by our team

Open link on jwst.nasa.gov

Like the Hubble Telescope, the Webb travels through space in a stable orbit; unlike Hubble, it isn't orbiting around Earth. In fact, the Webb is orbiting around the sun, but in a way that allows it to always be in line with the Earth. While difficult to conceptualize, this visualization shows both the real-time position of the telescope and traces its orbital trajectory relative to our planet.

Open link on neal.fun

Humankind's imagination has long been captured by space, what lies beyond our solar system, and what its nature is. At the same time, the sheer enormity of the universe escapes our ability to conceive of its scale. This interactive provides an intuitive sense of how small we are, from a single astronaut to the Milky Way and beyond.

Open link on webbtelescope.org

While the James Webb Telescope collects an astounding amount of scientific data, a major part of its allure is its ability to return stunning, high-resolution images, from nearby stars to the oldest structures in the universe. Explore the full gallery of Webb images, with shots that have captured the American public’s imagination and lead to breakthroughs in our understanding of the cosmos.

Open link on aeon.co

Astronomical advances have both captured humanity’s fascination for millennia, from Copernicus to Edwin Hubble, while raising fundamental—and sometimes unsettling—questions about our place in the universe. With its ability to gaze back to the beginning of the universe, the James Webb is likely to reshape our beliefs about our own world and possibly even ourselves.

Open link on youtube.com

While the Italian polymath Galileo Galilei did not patent the first telescope—that was Hans Lipperhey, who patented it as a spyglass—Galileo was the first to rigorously study the skies with one, enabling him to discover Jupiter's four moons. His discoveries challenged established views and revolutionized science. Learn how the telescope upended humanity's view of itself and challenged conventions in 16th-century Italy.

Open link on youtube.com

Discovered by the Webb Telescope in 2022, Maise’s Galaxy (named after the nine-year-old daughter of the scientist who discovered it) was found as part of a survey of a section of the universe known as the Extended Growth Strip, home to thousands of galaxies. This video takes you from Earth to Maise’s galaxy, formed roughly 300 million years after the birth of the universe.

Explore all James Webb Telescope

Search and uncover even more interesting information in our vast database of curated James Webb Telescope resources

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Launched by NASA in 2021, images from the 14,000-pound Webb Space Telescope have transformed theories of star formation, black holes, and more—while revealing jaw-dropping shots of the cosmos and inspiring a new generation of space fans. Curious about NASA's James Webb Space Telescope? 1440 provides a breakdown of how it works.

The Webb's observing surface suspended in a laboratory while workers observe it.
Open link on spectrum.ieee.org

Since its located 1 million miles from Earth, the Webb space observatory has to be able to repair itself—no Space Shuttles can be dispatched with astronaut engineers to repair it. That's why over two decades teams reiterated, cross-checked, and hyper-optimized the Webb's observing surface. Their efforts produced the world's largest space-based optical surface that is peering billions of years back in time. Learn the wild engineering of the telescope here.

Open link on youtube.com

While the Italian polymath Galileo Galilei did not patent the first telescope—that was Hans Lipperhey, who patented it as a spyglass—Galileo was the first to rigorously study the skies with one, enabling him to discover Jupiter's four moons. His discoveries challenged established views and revolutionized science. Learn how the telescope upended humanity's view of itself and challenged conventions in 16th-century Italy.

Open link on theverge.com

The highly popular images produced by the James Webb Space Telescope are an artful collaboration between data science and visual designers. The raw data reflects real physical aspects of space, but it arrives without visual representation. Visual experts assign colors to specific wavelengths, crop and orient images in an accessible way, and consider the emotional impact of images as they incorporate design principles into the final product. Learn the fascinating details here.

Open link on science.nasa.gov

James Webb ran the upstart National Aeronautics and Space Agency between 1961 and 1968, a crucial time in US efforts to reach space, the moon, and beyond. Known for his aim to balance space exploration with the potential to develop new scientific discoveries, NASA opted in 1996 to rename the "Next Generation Space Telescope" after Webb. Learn more here.

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Lagrange points are places in a solar system where the gravitational pulls of two larger masses create a stable equilibrium, allowing another object—like an asteroid or a space telescope—to orbit with minimal energy. The James Webb Space Telescope, launched in 2021, orbits the sun roughly 1 million miles from Earth at Lagrange point 2, where the pull of the sun and the Earth create a balanced pocket for it to remain fairly stable in one place. Learn more from a NASA scientist here.