What We Learned

Background

Since 2018, the short-form video-sharing app TikTok has gone from launching in the US to becoming a habit-forming cultural force that’s signed up more than half of the US population as users.

From fostering a robust influencer economy to turning ordinary users into viral stars (see top 50 accounts), the platform’s ascendancy has also raised national security concerns. Despite concerns, TikTok is still growing—the platform was on track to reach 2 billion users by the end of 2024.

History

TikTok is owned by the Chinese technology company ByteDance. Its origins date back to 2016 when ByteDance launched a video-sharing app called Douyin for the Chinese market. TikTok remains unavailable in China, which has much more stringent censorship.

A year later, two things happened—the company launched TikTok as a modified version of Douyin for international users, and ByteDance acquired Musical.ly, a social video app where users shared short lip-sync videos. 

The two were merged in 2018, combining Music.ly’s established user base with TikTok’s algorithm focused on driving viral binge-watching. The platform hit 1 billion downloads the following year. 

Rapper Lil Nas X went from an unknown artist to No. 1 on the charts after his single “Old Town Road” went viral on TikTok in 2019, one of the earliest demonstrations of the platform’s power. 

The app saw supercharged growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, with users seeking social connections (and with ample idle time for online distractions) during lockdowns. TikTok was downloaded more than 850 million times in 2020 alone.

The platform grossed $16B in 2023—a 67% increase over 2022—while notching 1.5 billion monthly active users. See statistics here.

The Algorithm

TikTok’s user base skews young, with most between the ages of 18 and 24 (see breakdown). And unlike its rivals focusing on text- and photo-based status updates, the app’s core appeal lies in its focus on video clips.

Users have two primary content feeds to engage with—one with content from accounts you follow, and an algorithmically sorted personalized feed. The latter surfaces content from across the platform and is powered by an algorithm predicting what you may like. 

The algorithm itself is regarded as the engine of TikTok and its defining feature, powering the addictive nature of the app. Estimates suggest more than 90% of consumed content comes from the algorithmic feed. 

While its inner workings remain a closely held secret, how long a user lingers on specific types of content is believed to be a key element in how TikTok builds a profile of user interest (watch investigative report).

Future

TikTok appears likely to remain a dominant cultural force, with users averaging 95 minutes per day on the app. 

However, due to concern over its addictive nature combined with national security implications arising from its Chinese roots, the platform has attracted increased scrutiny. As of early 2024, US lawmakers passed a requirement for parent company ByteDance to sell TikTok or face a ban in the country, a law that the company has challenged in court.

Dive Deeper

Relevant articles, podcasts, videos, and more from around the internet — curated and summarized by our team

Open link on acquired.fm

Since launching internationally in 2017, TikTok has become one of the fastest-growing social media platforms of all time. Centered around user-generated short videos, the platform was created by the Chinese technology company ByteDance. Now closing in on 1.8 billion users, the app has become a global force. The popular Acquired podcast takes a deep dive into its history, strategy, and insanely successful business model.

Open link on youtube.com

Driven by strict censorship rules, ByteDance spun off TikTok from its sister app Douyin—the version available in China—in order to flourish in international markets. Both have key differences, ranging from Douyin acting as a dominant channel for government propaganda, to the fact it generates the majority of ByteDance’s. This “60 Minutes” report compares the apps side by side.

Pew Research Center

How US adults use TikTok

Open link on pewresearch.org

While more than 170 million Americans reportedly use TikTok, only about half of adult users have ever posted a single video. Like most platforms, content is driven by a small number of active users—in this case, 25% of accounts are responsible for an estimated 98% of content posted. This research piece unpacks how, and how much, the average user uses TikTok.

Open link on bigthink.com

Notable cases of mass sociogenic illness, also referred to as mass hysteria, have arisen throughout history. But some experts believe the modern prevalence of social media—in particular TikTok, with its addictive, rapid queue of short-form videos—has become a vehicle for global mass hysteria. Right before the COVID-19 pandemic, an outbreak of Tourette’s syndrome was attributed to TikTok’s algorithm convincing users they may have the condition.

Planet Money

TikTok to the top

Open link on npr.org

TikTok is such a cultural force, it’s now a platform for turning ordinary users into stars. This Planet Money podcast episode performs a deep dive into how Tai Verdes went from working a day job at a Verizon store and dreaming of becoming a successful musician to using TikTok to gain a following during the Covid-19 pandemic. Eventually, his song “Stuck in the Middle” took off on TikTok.

Open link on thedebrief.org

The ownership of TikTok by Chinese parent company ByteDance has brought on intense scrutiny as a national security threat. Are the concerns founded? Critics say the app collects huge volumes of data and is overly addictive, and that China has often exerted pressure on companies for its own ends. Others say the threat is purely hypothetical, and no evidence of wrongdoing has been presented to date.

Explore all TikTok

Search and uncover even more interesting information in our vast database of curated TikTok resources